Collection
1954/1955
Oil, paper, fabric, wood, and metal on canvas
80 × 96 × 3 1/2 in
© Robert Rauschenberg Foundation
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA)
A “Combine” is neither a sculpture nor a painting but
rather a hybrid of the two. Robert Rauschenberg developed the term to
describe a series of works he began in 1954 that eluded traditional art
media categories. Collection (1954/1955) is the artist’s first
“Combine painting,” an early type of Combine that hangs on the wall like
a traditional painting but reaches into three dimensions with various
elements attached to the work’s surface—such as the silk veil over the
mirror attached just off-center and the found wood scraps along the top
edge. This work also marks a new approach to color. In a decisive move
away from the experimental monochromatic series of white, black, and red
paintings he created between 1951 and 1953, Rauschenberg began Collection by
covering three panels with red, yellow, and blue fabric and layering
them with innumerable collaged, drawn, painted, and sculpted elements.
The same year that Rauschenberg began Collection he started to
experiment with extending the three-dimensionality of the Combines,
incorporating both wall and floor components and even creating fully
freestanding works, such as Untitled, in the Panza Collection at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.
Collection is distinctive for the range and variety of materials it incorporates. In contrast to the approach seen in his Red Paintings
(1953–54) and his Black paintings (1951–53), where the collage papers
and fabrics typically play second fiddle to the painted passages, here
Rauschenberg gives everyday objects the same prominence as conventional
art materials. Comic strips, squirts of oil paint, art magazine
illustrations, and a host of textiles jostle for attention, and gestural
paint strokes drawn directly from the vocabulary of Abstract
Expressionism carry the same compositional weight as newspaper clippings
of car thefts and department store advertisements. Rauschenberg creates
a sense of equality across this diverse visual field in part through
the work’s structure. The three vertical panels, in addition to
referencing the traditional triptych format, appear to be horizontally
subdivided into three regions: a relatively quiet area along the top,
bordered by a long squeeze of red paint that crosses the surface from
left to right; a densely layered strip across the center, where the
majority of the collaged elements are concentrated; and a band of
brightly colored stripes that fills the bottom. The resulting
three-by-three grid both consolidates and unifies the work’s otherwise
chaotic surface.
During preparations for Rauschenberg’s 1976 retrospective at the
National Collection of Fine Arts (now the Smithsonian American Art
Museum) in Washington, D.C., organizing curator Walter Hopps approached
the artist about naming several Combines that until that point had
remained untitled. Rauschenberg’s choice of Collection as the
title of this work can be read in a number of ways. Hopps suggested that
the artist was paying homage to the National Collection of Fine Arts,
the first venue on the retrospective tour. Interpreted more literally,
the title could reference the collection of wayward scraps scattered
across the composition, from the tiny fabric reproductions of
masterpieces by Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) and Pierre-Auguste Renoir
(1841–1919) to the print of Nicolas and Guillaume Coustou’s bas-relief Le Passage du Rhin (ca. 1733) and the Re Umberto Brand food packaging in the upper left corner. Through such acts of gathering and combining, Collection bridges
cultural references high and low. It also links Rauschenberg’s early
artistic explorations with a new phase of experimentation. The Combines
brought Rauschenberg international success, and their innovative
approach to blending materials and categories remains one of the most
significant developments in the history of twentieth-century art.